![[Picture]](../images/aglarule.gif){kind=small}
How many shells does the atom No. 88 have?
| The answer is, if electrons reaches the formula -value. | E(n) = E (n-1) + A(n) |
|
| No. 88 | ||||
| Shell 1 | K | E(1)= 2 | Yes | > |
| Shell 2 | L | E(2)= 10 | Yes | > |
| Shell 3 | M | E(4)= 18 | Yes | > |
| Shell 4 | N | E(4)= 36 | Yes | > |
| Shell 5 | O | E(5)= 54 | Yes | > |
| Shell 6 | P | E(6)= 86 | Yes | > |
| Shell 7 | Q | E(7)= 118 | No | < |
That means for the atom [Ra]. It is settled between noble-gas 86 and 118. [86<88<118]
Radium has seven shells. (All shells = 7)
| ||||
| With this formula you can calculate both areas. | ![[Picture]](../elements/088_g.jpg) | |||
| IS = int (AS /2 +0.5) OS=AS - IS | IS = inner shells | |||
| OS= outer shells | ||||
| AS= all shells | ||||
| IS = int (AS /2 +0.5) | AS= 7 | OS=AS - IS | ||
| IS = int(8/2 +0.5) | IS = 4 | OS=7-4 OS=3 | ||
| That means here | 4 inner shells | and 3 outer shells |
How do the inner orbitales / shells be filled?
| The answer is, if electrons reaches the formula -value. | B(n)= n ^ 2 * 2 |
| shells |
and | C(n)= (n+1 ) * 4 - 2 | orbitals |
| s | p | d | f | g | 88 | |||
| Shell 1 | B(1)= 2 | C(0)= | 2 | 86 | ||||
| Shell 2 | B(2)= 8 | C(0 to 1)= | 2 | 6 | 78 | |||
| Shell 3 | B(3)= 18 | C(0 to 2)= | 2 | 6 | 10 | 60 | ||
| Shell 4 | B(4)= 32 | C(0 to 3)= | 2 | 6 | 10 | 14 | 28 | |
Reminds at the Singularity Algorithm S(4)=60 again, alle shells are filled and fully occupied.
Therefore, all shells become condensed to a (single) ball.
| How do the outer orbitales / shells be filled? |
| ![[Picture]](../elements/088_f.jpg) | ||
| The answer is with Classic rule-distribution | ||||
| yellow = inner electrons | S(4)=60 |
| ||
| red = outer electrons | 88-60=28 | |||
| blue = free orbitales (up to Inert-gas No.168) | 118-88=30 | |||
| s | p | d | f | g | 28 | |||
| Shell 5 | B(5)=50 | C(0 to 2)= | 2 | 6 | 10 | 10 | ||
| Shell 6 | B(6)=72 | C(0 to 1)= | 2 | 6 | 8 | |||
| Shell 7 | B(7)=98 | C(0)= | 2 | 0 | ||||
The last electron ( filling Electron) occupies the 7s2-orgital.
![[Picture]](../download/ra.jpg)
Outer Singularity
Why is the Singularity-Algorithm important for the outer shells ?
Because hereby is given the potential likelihoods of a stay of electrons.
Electrons will mainly be into so-called potential-holes and be calculated by this Algorithm.
| How can I calculate the outer Singularität? | |
| The answer is, with the same formula for (inner) Singularity. | S(n) = S (n-1) + B(n) |
| Shell 1 | K | S(1)= 2 | inner Singularity |
| Shell 2 | L | S(2)= 10 | |
| Shell 3 | M | S(4)= 28 | |
| Shell 4 | N | S(4)= 60 | |
| Shell 5 | O | S(5)= 110 | outer Singularity |
| Shell 6 | P | S(6)= 182 | |
| Shell 7 | Q | S(7)= 280 |
| yellow = inner electrons | S(4)=60 | ![[Picture]](../elements/088_c.jpg) | |
| red = outer electrons | 88-60=28 | ||
| blue = free orbitales (up to Inert-gas No.118) | 118-88=30 | ||
| green = free compressed orbitales up to S(7) | 280-118=162 |
| APSIDIUM © | Created: | 2001-01-17 |  ra_88.pdf | |
 | Last Updated: | 2003-01-08 |